Autonomous Vehicle Control, Part XV: Farm Tractor Yaw RateControl using I-first order, Feedforward 2/2 Second-orderCompensators and PD-I, PD-PI Controllers compared with a P Controller

Alt Text: Autonomous Vehicle Control, Part XV
Title: Autonomous Vehicle Control, Part XV: Farm Tractor Yaw Rate Control
Caption: Control of autonomous vehicles using various controllers
Description: This paper presents the control of the yaw rate of a farm tractor using different compensators and controllers.

International Journal of Computer Techniques – Volume 12 Issue 2, 2025

Galal Ali Hassaan
Department of Mechanical Design and Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
Email: galalhassaan@ymail.com

Abstract

This paper is the fifteenth in a series of research papers presenting the control of autonomous vehicles. It handles the control of the yaw rate of a farm tractor using an I-first order, feedforward 2/2 second-order compensators, PD-I and PD-PI controllers from the second generation of PID controllers compared with a P controller from the first generation of PID controllers. Some efficient tuning techniques for the proposed compensators/controllers are applied with relevant performance indices. The step time response of the control system using the four investigated compensators/controllers is presented and compared and the time-based characteristics are extracted and compared. The comparison reveals the best compensator/controller among the four ones presented depending on a graphical and quantitative comparison study for reference input tracking.

Keywords

Autonomous control, farm tractor yaw rate control, I-first order compensator, 2/2 second-order compensator, PD-I controller, PD-PI controller, controller tuning.

References

  1. D. Ampsatwum, A. Dorvlo and L. Opara, β€œUse of tractors and field machinery in agriculture in Oman”, Agriculture Engineering International, vol.6, issue July, 10 pages, 2004.
  2. J. Bevly, J. Gerdes and B. Parkinson, β€œA new yaw dynamics model for improved high speed control of a farm tractor”, Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control, vol.124, issue 4, pp.659-667, 2002.
  3. P. Junyusen et al., β€œTrajectory control for a trailer towed by an agricultural vehicle (part 1)”, Journal of SAM, vol.67, issue 2, pp.61-69, 2005.
  4. D. Karmi and D. Mann, β€œA study of tractor yaw dynamics for application in a tractor driving simulator”, A CSBE/ASABE Inter Sectional Meeting Presentation, Paper Number MBSK 06, 12 pages, October 5-7, 2006.
  5. J. Benton and D. Bevly, β€œAdaptive steering control of a farm tractor with varying yaw rate properties”, Journal of Field Robotics, vol.26, issue 6-7, pp.519-536, 2009.
  6. E. Kayacan, E. Kayacan, H. Ramon and W. Saeys, β€œModeling and identification of the dynamics of an autonomous tractor”, Asian Control Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, pp.1-6, 2013.
  7. S. A. Milani, β€œModeling, simulation and active control of tractor-semitrailer combination”. M. Sc. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Turkey, December 2015.
  8. M. Plessen and A. Bemporad, β€œReference trajectory planning under constraints and path tracking using linear time-varying model predictive control for agricultural machines”, Biosystems Engineering, vol.153, issue January, pp.28-41, 2017.
  9. W. Parbowaskito and M. Telaumbanua, β€œSimulation study of Kalman-Bucy filter based optimal yaw rate control system for autonomous tractor”, 3rd International Symposium on Agricultural and Bio Systems Engineering, Makassar, Indonesia, pp.10-17, 6-8 August, 2019.
  10. J. Zhu et al., β€œDesign and simulation of steering control strategy for four-wheel steering hillside tractors”, Agriculture, vol.14, issue 2238, 18 pages, 2024.
  11. G. Lei et al., β€œControl of the agricultural tractor-trailer system in saline-alkali land: A collaborative trajectory planning approach”, Agriculture, vol.15, issue 100, 19 pages, 2025.
  12. E. Kayacan, et al., β€œTowards agrobot’s identification of the yaw dynamics and trajectory tracking of an autonomous tractor”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.115, pp.78-87, 2015.
  13. Mathworks, β€œStep response of dynamic system”, https://www.mathworks.com/help/ident/ref/dynamicsystem.step.html, 2023.
  14. H. Wang and N. Noguchi, β€œReal-time states estimation of a farm tractor using dynamic mode decomposition”, GPS Solutions, vol.25, issue 16, 12 pages, 2021.
  15. G. A. Hassaan, β€œTuning of an I-PD controller used with a highly oscillating second-order-like process,” International journal of Engineering and Techniques, vol.5, issue 5, pp. 115-121, 2014.
  16. M. C. Campi, β€œThe problem of pole-zero cancellation in the transfer function identification and application to adaptive stabilization,” Automatica, vol.32, issue 6, pp. 849-856, 1996.
  17. A. Shuaib and M. Ahmed, β€œRobust PID control system design using ITAE performance index (DC motor model)”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol.3, issue 8, pp.15060-15067, 2014.
  18. C. Lopez, β€œMATLAB optimization technique”, Apress, 2014.
  19. G. A. Hassaan, β€œAutonomous vehicle control, Part I: Car longitudinal velocity control using PD, I-first order, 2/2 second-order and notch compensators”, International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, vol.5, issue 9, pp.334-344, 2024.
  20. N. Taghizadegan, S. Najafi, J. Jannati and A. Mehdizadeh, “Employing novel performance indices in robust design of PSS-POD controller to enhance dynamic stability of multi-machine power system,” 23rd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, Tehran, Iran, pp.1653-1658, 2015.
  21. G. A. Hassaan, β€œNovel PD-I controller for underdamped second-order-like processes”, International Journal of Engineering and Techniques, vol.4, issue 2, pp.181-187, 2018.
  22. G. A. Hassaan, β€œTuning of a PD-PI controller with first-order-delayed processes”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol.3, issue 4, pp.2751-2755, 2014.

How to Cite

Galal Ali Hassaan, “Autonomous Vehicle Control, Part XV: Farm Tractor Yaw Rate Control using I-first order, Feedforward 2/2 Second-order Compensators and PD-I, PD-PI Controllers compared with a P Controller,” International Journal of Computer Techniques, Volume 12, Issue 2, 2025. ISSN 2394-2231

Opportunities to Collaborate

We invite you to become part of our esteemed reviewer board or submit your research paper for publication.

Join Our Reviewer Board Submit Your Research Paper

2 comments

comments user
open binance account

Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.

comments user
binance

Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks!

Post Comment

Submit Your Paper