Precision Timing Algorithms for AVR-based Arduino Systems: Assembly-Level Mathematical Modeling for Exact Cycle-Accurate Delays | IJCT Volume 12 – Issue 6 | IJCT-V12I6P17
International Journal of Computer Techniques
ISSN 2394-2231
Author
José Miguel Morán Loza , Alicia García Arreola
Abstract
This research presents a mathematical methodology for designing software delays with cycle-accurate precision for AVR-based Arduino systems, using assembly language programming. Through analysis of AVR instruction timing at the machine level, precise mathematical models are developed that translate timing requirements into exact assembly instruction sequences. The approach eliminates compiler optimization uncertainties and provides deterministic timing control with nanosecond precision. The methodology addresses critical applications requiring exact timing, where hardware timers are unavailable and C-level abstractions introduce timing variability. Mathematical equations are derived that account for every instruction cycle, enabling precise delay generation within ±1 clock cycle across the ATmega328P operational range. Validation through oscilloscope measurements and cycle-accurate simulation confirms timing precision with 62.5 nanosecond resolution at 16 MHz operation.
Keywords
Assembly language, AVR microcontrollers, cycle-accurate timing, mathematical modeling, embedded systems, software delay, blocking delays, Arduino.
Conclusion
This research demonstrates that assembly-level programming provides maximum precision for timing-critical embedded applications. The mathematical modeling approach enables exact delays with cycle precision and nanosecond resolution, eliminating uncertainties inherent in high-level language implementations. Key achievements include: Perfect timing precision: ±0 cycle deviation under controlled conditions.
Deterministic execution: Consistent timing regardless of compiler or optimization.
Mathematical precision: Exact calculation of parameter for any timing requirement.
Practical implementation: Seamless integration with Arduino development environment. The assembly language approach trades development complexity for timing precision, making it ideal for applications where exact timing is critical. While C-based implementations offer easier development, assembly language provides unmatched timing control.
References
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[6]A. G. Arreola, J. M. Morán Loza, A. C. Rodríguez and P. V. Nuñez, “Method to design delay by software for short times,using models and mathematical methods,to obtain the algorithm with exact times,” 2022 11th International Conference On Software Process Improvement (CIMPS), Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, 2022, pp. 158-163, doi: 10.1109/CIMPS57786.2022.10035699.
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How to Cite This Paper
José Miguel Morán Loza , Alicia García Arreola (2025). Precision Timing Algorithms for AVR-based Arduino Systems: Assembly-Level Mathematical Modeling for Exact Cycle-Accurate Delays. International Journal of Computer Techniques, 12(6). ISSN: 2394-2231.
