International Journal of Computer Techniques Volume 12 Issue 4 | Autonomous Human Body Control, Part X: Blood pCO2 Control using I-first Order, 1 / 2 Orders Compensators and PD-PI controller compared with a PID Controller
Autonomous Human Body Control, Part X: Blood pCO₂ Control Using I-First Order, 1/2 Orders Compensators and PD-PI Controller Compared with a PID Controller
Author: Prof. Galal Ali Hassaan
Department of Mechanical Design and Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
Email: galalhassaan@ymail.com
Journal: International Journal of Computer Techniques – Volume 12 Issue 4
Publication Date: July – August 2025
ISSN: 2394-2231
URL: https://ijctjournal.org/
Abstract
This paper presents the tenth installment in a series on autonomous human body control, focusing on regulating blood pCO₂ levels using second-generation compensators and controllers. It compares I-first order, 1/2 orders compensators, and a PD-PI controller against a conventional PID controller. Tuning methods include pole-zero cancellation, time-domain criteria, trial and error, and MATLAB optimization. The PD-PI controller demonstrated superior performance in terms of settling time, overshoot elimination, and steady-state accuracy.
Keywords
Autonomous human body control, blood pCO₂ control, I-first order compensator, 1/2 orders compensator, PD-PI controller, PID controller, compensator tuning, MATLAB optimization, step response analysis
Conclusion
The PD-PI controller proved to be the most effective for blood pCO₂ regulation, offering zero overshoot, fast settling time, and no steady-state error. The I-first order compensator followed closely. The study validates second-generation control strategies for biomedical applications and highlights future directions in modeling blood pH dynamics for enhanced control precision.
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